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- Rosenmai, Anna, et al.
(author)
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Effect-based assessment of recipient waters impacted by on-site, small scale, and large scale waste water treatment facilities-combining passive sampling with in vitro bioassays and chemical analysis
- 2018
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In: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 8
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Waste water treatment facilities are a major sources of organic micropollutants (MPs) in surface water. In this study, surface water samples were collected from seven sites along a river system in Uppsala, Sweden, during four seasons and evaluated based on the occurrence of MPs in the samples and bioactivity using in vitro bioassays. The sampling sites were differentially impacted by on-site sewage treatment facilities (OSSFs), small scale, and large scale waste water treatment plants (WWTPs). The bioassays used included activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), estrogen receptor (ER), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFkB), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and androgen receptor (AR). Occurrence of 80 MPs, were analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Most water samples induced AhR activity, and all sampling sites showed a similar profile regarding this activity. With the exception of one water sample, we did not detect any NFkB, Nrf2 or AR activity of the water samples. The exception was a sample impacted by OSSFs, which showed an activity in multiple bioassays, but the activity could not be explained by the occurrence of target MPs. The occurrence of MPs showed a spatial trend, with the highest number and amount of MPs detected in the samples collected downstream of the WWTPs, where up to 47 MPs were detected in one single sample. A seasonal variation was observed with highest levels of MPs and highest AhR activities in samples collected in June and September 2015. However, neither the seasonal activity nor the on-site activity could be explained by the measured MPs, suggesting unknown contributory agents in the water.
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- Rosenmai, Anna, et al.
(author)
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Relationship between peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor alpha activity and cellular concentration of 14 perfluoroalkyl substances in HepG2 cells
- 2018
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In: Journal of Applied Toxicology. - : Wiley. - 0260-437X .- 1099-1263. ; 38, s. 219-226
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR) is a molecular target for perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Little is known about the cellular uptake of PFASs and how it affects the PPAR activity. We investigated the relationship between PPAR activity and cellular concentration in HepG2 cells of 14 PFASs, including perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs), perfluoroalkyl sulfonates and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA). Cellular concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and PPAR activity was determined in transiently transfected cells by reporter gene assay. Cellular uptake of the PFASs was low (0.04-4.1%) with absolute cellular concentrations in the range 4-2500ng mg(-1) protein. Cellular concentration of PFCAs increased with perfluorocarbon chain length up to perfluorododecanoate. PPAR activity of PFCAs increased with chain length up to perfluorooctanoate. The maximum induction of PPAR activity was similar for short-chain (perfluorobutanoate and perfluoropentanoate) and long-chain PFCAs (perfluorododecanoate and perfluorotetradecanoate) (approximately twofold). However, PPAR activities were induced at lower cellular concentrations for the short-chain homologs compared to the long-chain homologs. Perfluorohexanoate, perfluoroheptanoate, perfluorooctanoate, perfluorononanoate (PFNA) and perfluorodecanoate induced PPAR activities >2.5-fold compared to controls. The concentration-response relationships were positive for all the tested compounds, except perfluorooctane sulfonate PFOS and FOSA, and were compound-specific, as demonstrated by differences in the estimated slopes. The relationships were steeper for PFCAs with chain lengths up to and including PFNA than for the other studied PFASs. To our knowledge, this is the first report establishing relationships between PPAR activity and cellular concentration of a broad range of PFASs.The relationship between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR) activity and cellular concentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances was investigated in HepG2 cells. PPAR activity was determined in transiently transfected cells by reporter gene assay and cellular concentrations by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry The cellular concentrations and PPAR activity of perfluoroalkyl substances was dependent on perfluorocarbon chain -length and functional group, and positive relationships between PPAR activity and cellular concentrations were established for all compounds, except perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctane sulfonamide
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